CONN 


43 

.E22 

no.100 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2011  with  funding  from 

LYRASIS  members  and  Sloan  Foundation 


http://www.archive.org/details/fertilizeranalys1889newh2 


Office  of  LA  3 

Experiment  Statioi  r  n< 

R6c'd...©jai9 |  no,  1(2 

O.  E.  S.  Library.  Cop.  2.  the 

Connecticut  Agricultural  Emsriieut  Statioi. 

NEW    HA  YEN,     CONN. 
BULLETIN     No.     lOO. 

SEPTEMBER,    1889 


The  Bulletins  and  Reports  of  this  Station  are  mailed  free  to 
every  citizen  of  Connecticut  who  applies  for  them. 


THIS    BULLETIN   CONTAINS 

1st.  An  analysis  of  Sylvanit,  a  potash  salt. 

2d.  Analyses  of  unleached  wood  ashes,  with  data  regarding 
their  average  composition  and  notes  on  their  agricultural  use. 

3d.  Analyses  and  valuations  of  all  the  samples  of  commercial 
mixed  fertilizers  —  nitrogenous  superphosphates,  guanos  and 
special  manures — which  have  been  drawn  by  the  Station  Agents 
during  the  last  season. 


A  summary  of  the  Bulletin  will  be  found  on  the  last  page. 


Sylvanit. 

This  is  a  product  of  the  Stassfurt  ]3otash  industry  which  is 
used  by  manufacturers  of  mixed  fertilizers  and  may  be  offered  in 
the  retail  trade.  Like  kainit  it  is  offered  as  a  "  Sulphate  of 
Potash,"  but  like  kainit  also,  it  cannot  be  properly  regarded  as 
such,  for  it  does  not  contain  enough  sulphuric  acid  to  combine 
with  all  the  potash  present,  and  moreover,  contains  between  three 
and  four  times  as  much  chlorine  as  sulphuric  acid.  A  sample 
drawn  from  a  single  bag  in  New  York  City  had  the  following 
composition  : 

Water 7.25 

Potash... '. 16.65 

Soda 27. If 

Lime 2.08 

Magnesia 3.37 

Sulphuric  acid 11.06 

Chlorine 4 1 .35 

Matters  insoluble  in  water .74 

109.60 
Deduct  oxygen  equivalent  to  chlorine 9.34 

100.26 

Sylvanit  contains  rather  more  potash  than  kainit  and  consists 
of  sulphates  and  muriates  of  potash  and  soda,  the  muriates  pre- 
ponderating. 

Unreached  Wood  Ashes. 

Large  quantities  of  unleached  wood  ashes  are  now  brought 
into  Connecticut  yearly  from  Canada  and  the  northwestern 
states  and  are  sold  for  from  $11  to  $15  per  ton,  in  car  lots. 

The  following  analyses  have  been  made  of  ashes  brought  into 
the  State  this  year  : 

2537.  Canada  Ashes.  Bought  by  N.  S.  Piatt,  Cheshire,  from 
James  Hartness,  Detroit,  Mich.     Cost,  23  cents  per  bushel. 

2587.  Sampled  and  sent  by  F.  A.  Griswold,  Wethersfield. 
Bought  in  Hartford. 

2620.  Screened  Ashes.  Bought  by  C.  S.  Gillette,  Cheshire, 
from  W.  E.  Fyfe  &  Co.,  Clinton,  Mass.  Cost,  $11.00  per  ton,  in 
car  lots  at  Cheshire. 

2624.  Canada  Ashes,  sampled  and  sent  by  G.  L.  Dunham. 
Southington,  from  stock  of  Burritt  Hills,  Plain ville.  Cost,  $1 1 .00 
per  ton.     One  bushel  weighs  57-j  pounds. 


2628.  Canada  Ashes.  Sold  by  Munroe,  Judson  &  Stroup, 
Oswego,  N.  Y.,  to  Atwood  &  Wilson,  Watertown.  Sampled 
and  sent  by  D.  B.  Thompson,  Watertown.     Cost,  $15.00  per  ton. 

2632.  Sold  by  Forest  City  Wood  Ash  Co.,  London,  Ont.,  Can- 
ada, to  F.  N.  Bradley,  Derby.     Cost,  $13.00  per  ton. 

Analyses. 

2537  2587       2620  2624  2628  2632 

Potash,  soluble  in  water..     4.48  4.01         3.77  4.91  5.33  6.04 

Phosphoric   acid 1.77  1.05         1.70  1.77  1.19  1.32 

Lime 31.55  25.90  44.54  39.02 

Carbonic  acid 18.26  18.30  26.46  19.60 

Sand  and  insoluble  matters  16.25  25.65  8.45  12.38 

The  sample  2628  is  fine  and  nearly  white.  The  question  was 
asked  whether  it  was  not  mixed  with  lime.  Such  is  perhaps 
the  case,  the  high  per  cent,  of  lime  being  offset  by  the  low  per- 
centage of  sand  and  insoluble  matters. 

Ashes  vary  a  good  deal  in  composition,  and  some  of  the  sam- 
ples received  this  year  are  notably  deficient  in  potash. 

The  following  data  show  the  average  quality  of  ashes.  91  sam- 
ples of  unleached  wood  ashes,  analyzed  by  Dr.  Goessmann,  of 
Massachusetts,  between  the  years  1868  and  1889  (Rep.  Mass.  Ex. 
St.,  1888,  202,  and  Bull.  33),  had  the  following  average  composi- 
tion : 

Average.  Maximum.  Minimum. 

Potash 5.5  10.2  2.5 

Phosphoric  acid 1.9  4.0  .3 

Lime 34.3  50.9  18.0 

Magnesia 3.5  7.5  2.3 

Insoluble  matter 12.9  27.9  2.1 

Moisture 12.0  28.6  .7 

16  analyses  made  at  the  Connecticut  Station  between  1877  and 
1889  had  the  following  average  composition  : 

Average.  Maximum.  Minimum. 

Potash 5.3  7.7  4.0 

Phosphoric  acid 1.4  1.8  1.0 

The  ashes  from  household  fires  in  New  England  appear  to  be 
richer  both  in  phosphoric  acid  and  potash.  15  analyses,  13  of 
which  were  made  by  Prof.  Storer,  of  the  Bussey  Institution,  show 
the  following  average  composition  : 

Potash 9.63 

Phosphoric  acid 2.32 


The  quality  as  well  as  the  quantity  of  ashes  from  a  given 
weight  of  wood  depends  very  much  on  the  kind  of  wood  as  well 
as  on  its  freedom  from  dirt,  etc. 

A  valuable  series  of  analyses  recently  made  at  the  Georgia  Ex- 
periment Station  illustrates  this.  According  to  the  analyses, 
10,000  pounds  of  several  different  varieties  of  wood,  [exclusive  of 
bark  and  having  a  uniform  water  content],  contained  the  follow- 
ing quantities  of  the  ingredients  named.  The  samples  were 
selected  from  trees  growing  as  nearly  as  possible  under  like  con- 
ditions and  of  medium  age.     [See  table  of  analyses  on  page  5.] 

The  facts  that  these  analyses  are  of  the  wood  only,  bark  being 
removed,  that  the  bark  contains  much  less  of  these  ingredients 
than  the  wood,  and  that  these  ashes  were  pure — free  from  all  sand 
or  earth  as  well  as  carbonic  acid — will  explain  why  the  percentages 
are  so  much  higher  than  are  found  in  analyses  of  ashes  in  market. 

Leached  and  unleached  Canada  ashes  have  approximately  the 
following  percentage  composition  : 

Unleached  Ashes.  Leached  Ashes. 

Sand  earth  and  charcoal 13.0  13  0 

Moisture 12.0  30.0 

Carbonate  with  some  hydrate  of  lime.-  61.0  51.0 

Potash  [chiefly  as  carbonate] 5.5  1.1 

Phosphoric  acid 1.9  1.4 

Other  matters  by  difference 6.6  3.5 

100.0  100.0 

It  appears  from  this  statement  that  more  than  half  the  weight 
of  both  leached  and  unleached  ashes  consists  of  lime,  partly  as 
hydrate  but  chiefly  as  carbonate  ;  the  same  material  chemically 
as  chalk  or  limestone  but  finer  and  so  likely  to  be  quicker  in  its 
action. 

It  has  long  been  known  that  chalk  or  limestone  may  benefit  both 
very  heavy  and  very  light  lands  making  the  one  looser  in  texture 
and  less  apt  to  puddle  and  the  other  closer  and  more  compact. 
It  does  this  in  the  one  case  by  separating  the  particles  of  sticky 
clay  and  in  the  other  by  filling  up  the  interspaces  of  a  coarse 
soil.  A  writer  on  agriculture  in  the  early  part  of  the  last 
century  says  of  chalk,  "  it  causes  great  fertility  especially  on 
such  lands  as  are  apt  to  lose  the  riches  of  dungs  laid  on  them, 
and  to  forget  in  a  little  time  that  they  have  had  any  kind  and 
indulgent  benefactor.  Here  chalk  is  of  excellent  use  to  drive 
away  such  ingratitude,  having  a  retentive  quality  to  enclose  and 
stay  the  salts." 


6 

It  needs  to  be  borne  in  mind  that  potash  or  soda  lye  binds  a 
clay  soil  making  it  heavier,  more  tenacious  and  cloddy  than  be- 
fore, and  it  may  be  that  on  this  account  a  heavy  application  of 
imleached  ashes  to  a  clay  soil  would  either  not  help  it  at  all  or 
even  damage  it,  while  on  light  soils  unleached  ashes  would  be 
more  beneficial  than  leached  ashes.  This  favorable  action  on 
light  soils  has  made  ashes  popular  in  this  State  where  our  soil  is 
for  the  most  part  light  and  sandy.  They  "keep  the  soil  moist  " 
as  the  saying  is,  that  is  by  filling  up  the  pores  and  compacting  it, 
the  soil  water  is  made  to  rise  more  readily  in  it  from  the  subsoil 
bringing  plant  food  with  it  and  preventing  drought. 

Besides  this  action  of  ashes  which  is  in  large  part  at  least  me- 
chanical, they  also  tend  to  correct  "  sourness  "  of  the  soil.  In  most 
cases  this  is  not  due  to  free  acid  but  to  the  presence  of  soluble  iron 
salts  which  in  undue  quantity'  are  poisonous  to  plants  and  in 
smaller  quantity  show  that  the  soil  is  stagnant,  and  needs  aeration. 
Ashes  precipitate  these  salts  and  open  the  soil  that  contains  them 
to  the  air,  by  making  it  looser  in  texture. 

When  potash  salts  have  been  used  in  large  quantities  and  the 
potash  has  been  largely  taken  up  by  a  rapidly  growing  crop  as 
tobacco,  leaving  most  of  the  acid  with  which  the  potash  was 
combined  in  the  soil,  ashes  or  lime  may  profitably  be  used  to 
neutralize  it.  Our  best  tobacco  growers  use  stone  lime  or  cotton 
hull  ashes  largely  on  their  tobacco  land  with  excellent  results. 

A  third  way  in  which  ashes  benefit  land  is  in  promoting  nitri- 
fication ;  that  process  by  which  the  more  or  less  inert  nitrog- 
enous matters  in  the  soil,  are  made  to  yield  nitrates  from  which 
our  field  crops  obtain  most  if  not  all  their  nitrogen  supply.  This 
process  is  in  some  way  connected  with  the  life  of  low  organisms? 
which  are  invariably  present  in  fertile  soils.  Nitric  acid  can  only 
be  produced  however  when  carbonate  of  lime  is  present  to  supply 
a  base  with  which  the  acid  may  combine,  and  a  soil  mildly  alka- 
line is  the  one  most  favorable  to  the  growth  of  these  organisms 
and  the  formation  of  nitrates. 

Such  is,  in  brief,  our  present  knowledge  regarding  the  action 
of  ashes.  It  is  clear  that  the  quantities  of  potash  and  phos> 
phoric  acid  present  do  not  wholly  measure  the  value  of  ashes 
nor  does  it  pay  to  buy  them  simply  to  supply  a  deficiency  of 
these  two  things  in  the  manure.  The  quantities  of  potash  and 
phosphoric  acid  in  a  ton  of  ashes  costing  $12  to  $15,  can  be 
bought  in  the  form  of  muriate  of  potash  and  superphosphate  of 


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lime  for  $8  or  $9.  But  ashes  temper  certain  soils  making  them 
easier  to  work,  moister,  and  more  retentive  of  manure,  correcting 
"  sourness,"  promoting  the  solution  of  plant  food  in  them  and  so 
preparing  the  way  for  the  use  of  fertilizers  which  directly- 
applied  might  be  wasted.  To  accomplish  these  ends  ashes  have 
to  he  used  in  considerable  quantity  and  probably  a  single  heavy 
dose  would  help  more  than  the  same  quantity  applied  in  frac- 
tions through  three  or  four  successive  years  if  the  object  is  to 
change  the  mechanical  condition  of  the  soil  strikingly. 

COMMERCIAL  FERTILIZERS. 

During  April  and  May  last,  Messrs.  Dennis  Fenn  of  Milford, 
and  H.  W.  Yeomans,  of  Columbia,  agents  of  the  Station,  visited  12*7 
towns  and  villages  in  all  parts  of  the  State,  and  drew  from  the  stock 
of  dealers  about  580  samples  of  commercial  fertilizers.  These  sam- 
ples have  been  analyzed  during  the  Spring  and  Summer,  and  on 
the  following  pages  are  tabulated  the  analyses  of  all  the  mixed 
commercial  fertilizers  sampled  by  these  agents. 

For  convenience  the  fertilizers  are  divided  into  two  groups, 
viz  :  I.  Nitrogenous  Superphosphates  and  Guanos.  II.  Special 
Manures.  The  last  named  are  simply  nitrogenous  superphos- 
phates, which  are  claimed  by  their  manufacturers  to  be  specially 
adapted  to  the  needs  of  particular  crops.  Of  some  brands  a  consid- 
erable number  of  samples  were  drawn.  In  each  case  of  this  kind  a 
mixture  of  equal  portions  of  all  the  samples  drawn  was  prepared 
and  the  analysis  was  made  on  this  mixture. 

In  the  tables,  with  the  dealers'  quotations  is  also  given  for  com- 
parison the  manufacturers'  statements  of  the  average  retail  cash 
price  per  ton  in  the  State,  in  all  cases  where  the  manufacturer 
supplied  such  a  statement. 

The  differences  in  the  prices  asked  for  the  same  fertilizers, 
seen  in  the  quotations  of  different  dealers,  are  due  to  differences 
in  freight  rates,  competition,  etc.  Some  manufacturers  arrange 
with  their  agents  to  sell  a  given  brand  at  a  uniform  price  every- 
where, but  usually  the  retailer  fixes  the  price. 

The  last  column  in  the  tables  of  analyses  is  "Percentage  Differ- 
ence between  Cost  and  Valuation."  Its  significance  may  be  seen 
by  noticing  the  third  analysis  in  the  table  on  page  18,  No. 
2557.  The  cost  is  $38,  the  valuation  is  136.31  and  the  difference 
between  them  is  $2.69.     By  multiplying  this  difference  2.69,  by 


100,  and  dividing  it  by  the  valuation  $36.31,  we  get  4.6,  the  per- 
centage advance  of  selling  price  over  valuation,  which  advance 
should  represent  on  the  average,  the  costs  and  profits  of  the 
manufacturer  in  converting  the  raw  materials  into  a  mixed  fertil- 
izer, selling  it  and  collecting  on  his  sales. 

I.    Nitrogenous  Superphosphates  and  Guanos    Sampled    by 
Station   Agents. 

For  analyses  and  valuations,  see  pages  11-20. 

Guarantees. — The  analyses  of  21  superphosphates  out  of  the 
47,  show  that  their  composition  is  .below  the  maker's  minimum 
guarantee  in  one  or  more  particulars.  Eleven  are  deficient  in 
one  ingredient ;  eight  in  two,  and  two  in  all  the  three  ingredients. 
In  most  cases  the  deficiency  is  due  to  a  misleading,  and  in  this 
State  illegal,  method  of  expressing  the  guarantee  of  potash. 

It  is  required,  under  the  law,  that  the  quantity  of  actual  potash 
shall  be  expressly  stated.  "Potash,  Sulphate,  4  per  cent."  means 
four  per  cent,  of  actual  potash  in  the  form  of  sulphate,  and  not 
2.16  per  cent,  of  potash,  but  the  expression  is  often  used  by  man- 
ufacturers, when  only  the  smaller  quantity  of  actual  potash  is 
present  in  the  fertilizer.     Such  use  is  deceptive. 

Fish  and  Potash. — The  analyses  of  this  material,  which  in 
past  years  has  been  a  favorite  fertilizer  in  this  State,  though 
included  among  the  nitrogenous  superphosphates  are  also  tabu- 
lated by  themselves  on  page  21.  Most  of  the  brands  are  not 
simple  mixtures  of  fish  scrap  and  potash  salts,  as  the  name  would 
imply,  but  contain  added  phosphates  and  in  one  case,  No.  2600, 
more  than  4.5  per  cent,  of  insoluble  phosphoric  acid. 

Cost  and  Vcduation. — In  only  one  case  has  the  valuation  ex- 
ceeded the  cost. 

The  average  cost  of  the  47  Nitrogenous  Superphosphates  has 
been  $34.73  and  the  average  valuation  $29.23.  The  difference  is 
$5.50  and  the  Percentage  Difference  between  cost  and  valuation 
19.1. 

That  is,  the  same  quantities  of  nitrogen,  phosphoric  acid  and 
potash,  which  were  contained  in  an  average  ton  of  Nitrogenous 
Superphosphate  could  have  been  bought  in  raw  materials  of  stan- 
dard quality  in  ton  lots  in  this  State  for  $29.23  cash,  in  the 
average  Superphosphate  they  cost  $34.73,  and  hence  the  manu- 
facturers' and  dealers'  expenses  and  profits  on  a  ton  of  fertilizer 
averaged  $5.50  or  19.1  per  cent,  of  the  cost  of  the  materials. 


9 

The  percentage  difference  between  cost  and  valuation  has  been 
smaller  thiss  year  than  in  any  year  since  the  present  system  of 
valuation  has  been  used,  as  the  following  table  shows  : — 


Year. 

Average 
Cost. 

Average 
Valuation. 

Percentage 
Difference. 

1889 

34.73 

29.23 

19.1 

1888.. 

34.55 

28.79 

20.2 

1887 

35.74 

28.44 

25.6 

1886 

36.58 

29.42 

24.3 

1885.. 

37.60 

30.47 

23.4 

1884 

40.73 

33.13 

22.9 

Notes  on  particular  analyses. — The  analysis  of  Ludlam's  Cereal 
Fertilizer  No.  2487  having-  been  unsatisfactory  to  the  manufact- 
urer another  analysis  was  made,  No.  2602,  on  different  samples 
collected  by  our  Agents.  The  two  analyses  given  in  the  tables 
show  substantial  agreement. 

II.     Special  Manures,  sampled  by  Station  Agents. 
For  Analyses  and  Valuations  see] pages  22-27. 

Here  are  included  such  Nitrogenous  Superphosphates  as  are 
claimed  by  their  manufacturers  to  be  specially  adapted  to  the 
needs  of  particular  crops. 

Guarantees. — Of  the  twenty-nine  samples  analyzed  fifteen  are 
below  the  maker's  minimum  guarantee  as  regards  one  ingredient 
and  two  are  below  guarantee  on  two  ingredients. 

Cost  and  Valuation. — In  four  cases  the  valuation  exceeded  the 
cost. 

The  average  cost  of  29  special  manures  has  been  $40.13  and 
the  average  valuation  $35.40.  The  difference  between  cost  and 
valuation  has  been  $4.73  and  the  Percentage  Difference  13.4. 
The  corresponding  difference  in  case  of  the  superphosphates  (see 
page  8)  was  19.1  per  cent. 

This  year,  as  heretofore,  the  Special  Manures  as  a  class  have 
been  higher-priced  and  more  concentrated  than  the  other  nitrog- 
enous superphosphates,  and  if  the  quality  of  the  raw  materials 
composing  them  is  equally  good,  more  economical  to  purchase. 

The  percentage  difference  between  cost  and  valuation  has  been 
less  the  last  year  than  in  any  year  since  1884,  when  the  present 
system  of  valuation  was  adopted,  as  the  following  statement 
shows  : — 


10 


Average 
Year.  Cost. 

1889 $40.13 

1888 39.47 

1S8T 42.52 

1886 42.56 

1885 ..  44.80 

1884 49.95 


Average 
Valuation. 

Percentage 
Difference. 

$35.40 

13.4 

33.99 

16.1 

35.20 

20.9 

36.70 

16.0 

38.70 

16.0 

44.20 

13.0 

11 


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Quinnipiac  Potato  Manure  _ 
Meyer's  Acme  Potato  Man- 
ure   

Bradley's  Complete  Manure 
for  Corn  and  Grain       ... 

Bradley's  Potato  Manure  __ 

Crocker's  Potato,  Hop  and 
Tobacco  Fertilizer 

Stockbridge  Vegetable  Man- 
ure   . 

Stockbridge  Grass  Manure 
for  Top  Dressing  .   

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Williams  &  Clark  Co's  Po- 

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Great    Eastern    Grain    and 

Grass  Fertilizer 

Crocker's    Ammon.    Wheat 

and  Corn  Phosphate  

E.  Frank  Coe's  Potato  Man- 
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28 

The  substance  of  this  Bulletin  may  be  briefly  summarized  as 
follows  : — 

i.  Sylvanit  is  a  potash  salt  containing  more  potash  than  Kainit  and 
consists  of  sulphates  and  muriates  of  potash  and  soda,  the  muriates- 
preponderating,  so   that  it  cannot  fairly  be  called  a  "sulphate  of  pot- 
ash." 

2.  a.  Some  of  the  samples  of  ashes  analyzed  this  year  were  notably 
deficient  in  potash. 

b.  Ashes  from  household  fires  in  New  England  as  a  rule  contain  more 
potash  and  phosphoric  acid  than  Canadian  or  Western  ashes. 

c.  A  large  part  of  ashes,  leached  as  well  as  unleached,  consists  of 
carbonate  of  lime,  which  may  benefit  land  in  three  ways  : 

First :  It  binds  loose  soils  and  makes  them  hold  moisture,  and  on  the 
other  hand  makes  clay  soils  less  stiff. 

Second  :  It  corrects  "  sourness  "  in  the  soil,  caused  either  by  soluble 
iron  salts  or  mineral  acids. 

Third  :  It  favors  nitrification. 

d.  Hence  the  value  of  ashes  never  wholly,  nor  always  chiefly  consists 
in  the  plant  food  which  they  contain. 

e.  It  is  possible  that  a  heavy  application  of  unleached  ashes  might 
injure  a  heavy  clay  soil  by  reason  of  the  alkali  in  them. 

3.  a.  The  analyses  of  seventy-six  mixed  commercial  fertilizers  are 
given  in  this  Bulletin.  In  27  of  them  the  percentage  of  one  ingredient 
is  below  the  minimum  quantity  guaranteed  by  the  maker.  In  12  others 
two  ingredients  are  deficient  and  in  5  others,  all  three, — nitrogen,  phos- 
phoric acid  and  potash — are  deficient  as  compared  with  the  guaranty. 

b.  The  average  percentage  difference  between  cost  and  valuation 
this  year  has  been  19. 1  for  superphosphates  and  guanos  and  13.4  for 
special  manures  which  is  lower  than  in  any  year  since  1884. 


University  of 
Connecticut 

Libraries 


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